RangeFactory: Scalable Construction of Multi-Hop Cyber Ranges

Abstract

Real-world cyberattacks often require sustained progress across multiple hosts and network segments, making multi-hop cyber ranges essential infrastructure for studying and improving LLM agents' ability to sustain complete attack chains. Prior work has scaled isolated vulnerability tasks and constructed multi-host scenarios from manually specified vulnerability semantics. However, they are still unable to automatically orchestrate the growing supply of vulnerability environments into end-to-end validated multi-hop ranges. To this end, we present RangeFactory, an automated cyber-range orchestration framework that constructs multi-hop cyber ranges at scale from isolated vulnerability environments. RangeFactory formulates range construction as dependency resolution: it extracts dependency information from agents' actual attacks against real vulnerabilities, resolves known dependencies through template-guided orchestration, and uses end-to-end attack execution to validate runtime dependencies that emerge after composition. Using RangeFactory, we construct RangeBench with 1,148 validated range instances spanning 287 distinct attack chains and evaluate frontier attack agents across attack depth, network scale, and task information. Among runs that compromise the entry vulnerability, 24.5-47.0% still fail to complete the remaining attack path, revealing a substantial sustained-compromise gap between establishing an initial foothold and completing a multi-hop attack. RangeFactory further produces a corpus of 5,541 outcome-annotated multi-hop attack trajectories, providing execution data for attack-process analysis and future agent training.