NanoMorph-3D: An End-to-End Physics-Driven Unrolling Framework for Nanomaterial Reconstruction

Abstract

Precise 3D characterization of nanomaterials is essential for unlocking structure-property relationships. However, standard electron tomography is fundamentally limited by the missing wedge problem. Consequently, conventional algorithms suffer from severe geometric distortions, a challenge further complicated by pervasive noise interference. Current learning-based methods either rely on physics-blind post-processing or employ end-to-end architectures constrained by local receptive fields, failing to capture complex 3D topologies. We propose NanoMorph-3D, a unified end-to-end framework grounded in a comprehensive Nanomorphological Taxonomy. Powered by a large-scale synthetic dataset explicitly modeling non-linear electron attenuation, we design a Physics-Driven Unrolled Network mapping proximal gradient descent into a learnable architecture. To capture complex internal topologies, we formulate a hierarchical attention mechanism with Physics-Normalization for long-range 3D dependencies and scale invariance. Crucially, our Dual-Domain strategy leverages Sinusoidal Attention to explicitly model physical projection trajectories, enforcing strict sinogram consistency to mitigate missing wedge artifacts. Finally, an unsupervised dual-stream mechanism bridges the simulation-to-reality gap. Experiments demonstrate NanoMorph-3D reconstructs diverse topologies with superior fidelity and speed.